Tuesday, October 7, 2014

Summary and Recommendations


Summary

            The results of this research did not show a strong correlation between IWB instruction and student learning.  The greatest impact on learning was seen in quiz one with a 1.4 grade difference; on the other hand, students performed better on quiz two and three without IWB instruction.  A summary of the quantitative data showed class A with 8% of quizzes scoring average or above when learning with an IWB. The difference of 8% between the two groups suggest that IWBs do impact learning, if only slightly. 

According to qualitative data, students feel strongly that IWBs help them learn. The qualitative results of the Promethean board survey show that both classes thought Promethean boards make learning easier. Based on qualitative data, student surveys, and quantitative data, 8% score increase, Promethean board technology is a sound investment for school districts. However, districts should consider investing in other forms of technology as well.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Conclusion

Students who effortlessly navigate technology outside of school are often disinterested in teacher led lessons and print based classrooms. For this reason, teachers are using a variety of technology to engage students and teach 21st century skills. Interactive whiteboards are becoming a key feature in many classrooms, and often, IWBs are the sole form of technology. The goal of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of interactive whiteboards in the fifth grade English language arts classroom.  According to this study, IWBs do not have a clear impact on student learning.  However, according to qualitative results, most students thought Promethean boards made learning easier by helping them pay attention to lessons.  Likewise, the researcher noted an increase in student interest and engagement.  For example, students in the IWB group participated in the discussions and worked cooperatively to explore solutions to problems presented on the IWB. While the research on the effects of IWBs on learning was inclusive, it does confirm the idea that technology integrated lessons increase engagement and student interest.    

Many school districts invest a large sum of their technology budgets in IWB technology. However, investing in one form of technology as a solution to instructing and engaging digital natives may not be the answer especially when research confirming the effectiveness of IWBs on learning is inconclusive.  Alternatively, investments in electronic notebooks or computer tablets would be a better option.  IWBs allow teachers to engage students with technology in whole group settings; however, other forms of technology allow for more project based learning and exploration.  IWBs should be a part of the technology rich classroom, but they should be one form in a host of technology tools available to students.

Research Design


Action Research Design

Participants

 The participants in this study were the students of the researcher. The sample size for the study included 35 fifth grade students. Of those students, 18 were male and 17 were female. The demographics of the participants of the study vary somewhat to the demographics of the campus.  Of the 35 participants, 80% were African American, 14% were White, and 6% were Hispanic. Within these participants, two were special education students and two were English language learners.  The action researcher’s position on campus was a fifth grade English Language Arts teacher. The researcher has a bachelor’s degree and ten years teaching experience, which includes three years experience teaching with an IWB.

 Procedures

            The study took place in two 5th grade English language arts classes. The participants were enrolled in 5th grade English language arts, a required course.  In January 2014, students completed a Promethean board survey, qualitative data, which showed students’ past experiences and opinions about the use of IWBs.  In the following months, students received three English language arts lessons teaching concepts of figurative language, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. Class A used notes and worksheets to learn the new concepts. Class B used the Promethean board to learn the same concepts.

            From February 2014 to May 2014, students received lessons with and without the Promethean board. Class A received instructions directly from the researcher. The participants took notes and used worksheet activities to demonstrate understanding.  Class A only used paper worksheets and pencils.  Class B used the Promethean board to learn the same concepts. The Promethean board was used in a variety of ways. The researcher used interactive flip charts and Powerpoint games with reinforcers. Students received feedback as they interacted with the highlight and reveal features of the board. All students were given the opportunity to manipulate the board and wireless slate. At the end of each lesson, students in both groups took the same quizzes.  The design of this study showed the degree of the relationship between the Promethean board and student achievement.      

Data

Data consist of qualitative and quantitative measures. Student surveys, qualitative data, showed students’ past experiences and views about Promethean boards.  The survey was created by the researcher and included multiple choice and ranking. Quizzes, quantitative data, showed the effectiveness of Promethean Boards on student learning.  The researcher developed or chose quizzes based on the content of the lesson and all questions were multiple choice. A vocabulary quiz was developed and based on words from Gates-MacGinitie Reading Assessment.  A reading
comprehension quiz focusing on fact and opinion identification came from a resource book published
by The Center for Applied Research in Education, and a figurative language quiz came from education.com an online supplier of educational resources. Students completed the quizzes directly after each lesson. The quantitative data was used to determine the effects of the IWB on student learning based on three quizzes. This data was then loaded into the school’s information system for further analysis. Data collection allowed for comparison of two groups.

What does the literature tell us?


Review of the Literature

A review of the literature revealed inconclusive evidence as to the impact of IWBs on student achievement. The literature underscores the need for further research. Deubel (2010) points out that although some literature reviewed is positive about the impact and the potential of IWBs, it is primarily based on the views of teachers and pupils; there is insufficient evidence to identify the actual impact of such technologies upon learning either in terms of classroom interaction or upon attainment or achievement. Indeed, some research showed positive results; however, others argue that IWB effectiveness were the result of qualified teachers and not directly associated with IWBs. Most of the literature pointed to professional development with emphasis on digital efficacy as a necessary component to teaching with IWBs. This literature review examines the evidence of IWBs on student achievement as well as factors that influence IWBs’ effectiveness.

Student Learning

            Much of the evidence surrounding IWBs and student achievement is inconclusive.  Swan, Schenker, and Kratcoski (2008) explored the effects of IWBs on reading and mathematics achievement of students in a small school in northern Ohio. The study showed teachers whose students scored above the mean on both reading mathematics assessments were found to use IWBs more frequently than the teachers whose students score at or below the mean on test. The results were most evident in fourth and fifth grade levels. The study also noted that teachers with high achieving students used IWBs in more creative ways.  In another study, Marzano (2009) discovered using IWBs was associated with a 16 percentile point gain in student achievement. He notes specific IWB features associated with student achievement: learner response devices, graphics to represent information, and interactive reinforcers.  As a result, he discovered that IWBs were most effective when students interacted with its features suggesting engagement to be an essential factor.  However, Marzano (2009) states that 23 percent of the cases, teachers had better results without the IWBs.  Marzano (2009) and Swan, Schenker, and Kratcoski (2008) looked to determine the effectiveness of IWBs; however, both point to the teachers’ level of instruction as a key factor that influenced achievement. According to Deubel (2010) it is not the medium, but instructional methods and teacher effectiveness that cause learning. This conflict in results leaves one to question if achievement gains were the result of IWBs or quality teaching.  

Deubel (2010) continues to argue that much of the evidence is anecdotal, and improved student performance appears to be in terms of increasing learning in the affective domain rather than the cognitive domain.  This argument suggests that while IWBs motivate and engage students, this does not necessarily constitute as learning. However, most teachers agree that motivation and engagement leads to learning. One cannot examine the effectiveness of IWBs and domains of concept knowledge without considering the views of students. Wall, Higgins, and Smith (2005) reported on pupil views of IWBs and found that students overwhelmingly believed IWBs helped them learn and assisted their understanding of difficult concepts.  Students in the study described IWBs as “fun” and “motivational.”  One ten year old girl in the study remarked, “You learn better with a smartboard because you can demonstrate things and not just tell about them” (Wall, Higgins, & Smith, 2005).  Wall, Higgins, and Smith (2005) suggest that student metacognition and positive perceptions of IWBs can influence motivation and therefore enhance achievement.

 Teachers’ Beliefs

            Researchers have relied on the perceptions of teachers as a main source of information to determine the effectiveness of IWBs on learning (Turel & Johnson, 2012). The research by Marzono (2009) and Swan, Schenker, and Kratcoski (2008) point to instructional strategies, techniques, and teachers’ IWB use as factors that influence student learning. Marzono (2009), who was a teacher before becoming a researcher, remarked that, “If I had been a teacher in a classroom where I had access to those tools, I could have been a better teacher” (as cited in Manzo, 2009, p. 34).   In order to gain perspective of the overall research, it is important to consider the views of teachers.             

Wood and Ashfield (2008) collected data from observations of whole-class lessons and interviews involving IWB usage and found that teachers liked IWBs because they could support teachers’ preferred style of whole-class interactive teaching. In this way, teachers can use IWBs to enhance lessons without changing the way they teach. In terms of creative teaching, Wood and Ashfield (2008) assert that teachers are particularly positive about the ways IWBs allow them to select, modify, and navigate resources.

In one recent study by Turel and Johnson (2012), 174 teachers, who actively use IWBs for instruction, responded to several questions about their use of IWBs. Of the 174 participants, 70.1% believe using an IWB helps their lessons be more interactive, 75.2% of participants believe using an IWB increases students’ interest in class, and 91.4% believe IWB provides advantages to make the course content more visual (Turel & Johnson, 2012).  Most importantly, 77% of teachers believe using IWB improves students’ learning (Turel & Johnson, 2012).  This final piece of data shows that most teachers believe IWBs improve student achievement. Many teachers feel that by interacting with their students daily, they develop an inside understanding of their knowledge and abilities; as a result, the certainty that IWBs improve student learning can be seen as valid. This assertion is certainly the basis for more research.              

Technical Efficacy

            Much of the literature surrounding IWBs and student achievement led to teachers’ technical efficacy as an essential component.  Some features of IWBs were seen as more effective than others, and it was up to a knowledgeable teacher to know how to use the correct features. Student achievement was directly impacted by certain tools on IWBs (Marzano, 2009). Often IWBs are seen as ineffective simply because teachers lack the technical skills and instructional techniques to use them effectively (Desantis, 2012). As a result, technical efficacy can impact IWBs’ effectiveness on student learning, and therefore, should be studied.

            According to Marzano (2009) there was a direct correlation between student achievement and features on the IWB.  These features include learner response devices, visuals, and interactive reinforcers. Using these devices and features was associated with a 26 to 31 percentile point gain (Marzano, 2009).  Likewise, Swan, Schenker, and Kratcoski (2008) noticed a difference between students who scored above and below the mean. It was discovered that students who scored above the mean used IWBs to support student presentations while students scoring below the mean were more likely to have teachers who used IWBs for their own presentations (Swan, Schenker, and Kratcoski, 2008). Furthermore, teachers who only present course content on an IWB may not give students an opportunity to sufficiently use it during instruction. Such kinds of teacher-centered practices may lead to a decrease in student attention and motivation (Turel and Johnson, 2012).  These findings suggest that the more students interact with IWB features, the greater the impact on learning. As a result, teachers must interact with IWBs thoughtfully, in accordance with what they know about good classroom practice; simply assuming that using technical tools can automatically enhance student achievement would be a mistake (Manzano, 2009).  Technical efficacy is the key to IWB effectiveness.

            Teachers are overwhelmingly positive about the effects of IWBs on student achievement. However, few teachers receive training; in fact, many of them learned IWB skills on their own (Turel & Johnson, 2012).  One cannot help but wonder if the majority of teachers are underutilizing their IWBs.  Through teacher questionnaires, Turel and Johnson (2012) found that one third of 174  teachers still reported that they need IWB training.  However, according to Slay, Sieborger, and Hodgkinson-Williams (2008) even after comprehensive IWB training sessions, teachers who do not sufficiently use an IWB and do not practice what they have learned may have lost their initial IWB skills and knowledge as well as their confidence over time ( as cited in Turel & Johnson, 2012).  Districts are investing large sums of money to install IWBs without training teachers to effectively use them. These findings indicate the need for teacher training that is ongoing. According to Brooks-Young (2007) schools that adopt IWBs frequently fall short in establishing the shared vision, professional development, technical support, and targeted assessment required for teachers to maximize their IWBs by using them to provide student centered instruction (as cited in Desantis, 2010).  Successful integration of technology requires professional development that is focused on building technical efficacy.  Introductory technology professional development should include time to learn technology, application to teaching, collaboration, and reflection on teaching (Desantis, 2010). Teachers’ technical efficacy poses a challenge to measuring the impact of IWBs on student learning. Until teachers are using IWBs in a way that is student centered and effective, it is difficult to determine the impact of IWBs on student achievement.       

 

Problem and Significance of the Study


Problem Statement

            Teachers agree that interactive whiteboards increase student engagement, but does IWB technology truly increase learning?  What is the impact of IWBs on teaching and student achievement? 

Significance of the Study

                The results of this study will directly impact teachers as they plan lessons to engage 21st century learners. Likewise, students will benefit as teachers implement interactive features, access online resources, and create lessons that inspire learning. Students will discover new concepts as they interact with the lessons presented. Principals and technology directors will also benefit as they plan future budgets and professional development. Finally, this study will contribute to the overall knowledge of interactive technology and pedagogy.

Background and IWBs


Background

            Many school districts have turned to IWBs as a way to engage classrooms of digital natives with a single form of technology, often at the expense of purchasing other technology such as notebooks or computer tablets. Studies by Holmes (2009) and Turel (2010) have revealed IWBs as being one technology most invested in by European countries such as England, Spain, and Turkey, and the United States have substantially increased IWB rates in classrooms (as cited in Turel & Johnson, 2012). Many districts see IWBs as an investment that can save money in the long run. Johnson and Hirsch (2012) argue that IWBs save money because they help schools decrease the millions of dollars they spend augmenting routine curriculum with supplemental learning materials. Moreover, IWBs can interface with other technologies, such as document cameras and slate computers, to further aid in curriculum development. Often schools add IWB technology over a period of time as the district’s budget allows and even after the initial investment, more funds are needed to add the latest accessories such as student response systems and wireless slates.  With this much investment in IWB technology, teachers and school district leaders need to understand the impact of IWBs on student achievement.   

Effectiveness of Interactive Whiteboards in Fifth Grade English Language Arts


Effectiveness of Interactive Whiteboards in Fifth Grade English Language Arts

 The 21st century classroom includes innovative technology designed to engage students and support learning. One such tool includes interactive whiteboards (IWB).  Schools across the United States are investing large sums of money to install interactive whiteboard technology in K-12 classrooms in hopes of increasing student achievement.  According to Curwood (2009) educators agree that interactive whiteboards appeal to kids’ multiple intelligences particularly for visual-spatial and bodily-kinesthetic learners that can be hard to accommodate in the print based classroom (as cited in Deubel, 2010).  For this reason, teachers are moving away from the traditional methods of teaching, which include worksheets, lectures, and note taking.  Instead, teachers are using IWB technology to create more engaging lessons.  The goal of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of interactive whiteboards in the fifth grade English language arts classroom.  Do interactive whiteboards increase learning?  Research was done in two English language arts classes. One class received instruction through the use of an interactive whiteboard; the other class received the same lessons without the use of an interactive whiteboard.  Research was based on the results of surveys, quizzes, and test given to both groups. 

This study was conducted at Homer Elementary School in Claiborne Parish, Louisiana. This is a rural Title I school in North Louisiana.  The campus is designed for pre-kindergarten to fifth grade students. Of the 454 students enrolled at Homer Elementary, 77% are African American, 22% are White, 1% is Asian, and 1% is Hispanic. Based on free and reduced lunch data, 82% of students are considered economically disadvantaged.  The sample size for the study included 35 fifth grade students. Of those students, 18 were male and 17 were female. The demographics of the participants of the study vary somewhat to the demographics of the campus.  Of the 35 participants, 80% were African American, 14% were White, and 6% were Hispanic. Within these participants, two were special education students and two were English language learners.  The action researcher’s position on campus was a fifth grade English Language Arts teacher. The researcher has a bachelor’s degree and ten years teaching experience, which includes three years experience teaching with an IWB.

The district chose Promethean as their IWB provider. Promethean boards incorporate Activinspire software, which includes teacher resources, interactive tools, and professional development. While many of the classrooms in the district have IWBs, some classrooms have limited technology. Claiborne Parish plans to equip every classroom with IWBs and wireless slates. Support equipment and accessories such as student response systems may be purchased.  This large investment warrants an examination of IWBs impact on learning and achievement. This study will impact instructional planning and future decisions regarding technology investments and associated professional development.   

            Students’ prior knowledge and experiences pose a challenge to the study of IWBs’ effectiveness.  Some students have worked with IWBs prior to this study while others have limited experience. More experienced students are inclined to participate and engage more in the lesson. Another challenge includes prior knowledge of concepts. The research was conducted in an English language arts classroom and concepts included figurative language and vocabulary.  Some students have rich language backgrounds while others, like English language learners, have less exposure to language expression and English.

Sunday, November 24, 2013

My Path to Becoming a Teacher

This video highlights the paths that led me to becoming a teacher. This video is only two minute long; telling a story that evolved over years in only two minutes was a challenge.  In my planning, I chose twelve images that I felt highlighted significant influences and paths in my journey.  I created my digital story using Microsoft’s Movie Maker.  This was my first experience using Movie Maker, and I enjoyed becoming familiar with the animation tools as well as visual effects tools.   I am please with the end result.   In my research, I learned that personal digital stories can serve as memoir or as a reflection tool.  This would be beneficial to students especially at the end of a unit or even the school year as students can reflect on events and learned important to them.  


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7orYu1Rpsg